What science can achieve is what might cause the eventual destruction of humanity. A review of what genetic engineering can achieve in genetics makes disputing the above statement even less unreasonable. The alteration of the genetic composition of organisms results in what is referred to as genetically modified GMO organisms. When these organisms were first discovered, they did not have many applications. However, that has changed today because their use is in many industries.
Selective breeding is a form of breeding in which only organisms with desired traits are bred to produce the next generation. Genetic modification owes its origin to this phenomenon. Genetics underwent a lot of advancements that enabled scientists to alter DNA directly, causing genes to be altered. Paul Berg combined DNA from two strains of virus and created the first recombinant DNA in 1972.
In 1973, the first GMO was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer from experiments with bacteria. Rudolf Jaenisch later on in 1973 created the first transgenic mouse. This was achieved through the introduction of foreign DNA into the embryo of the mouse. The mouse became the first transgenic animal to be created. Eight years later, transgenic mice were developed that could pass their transgenes to offspring.
A team of three scientists was the first to develop a genetically modified plant in 1983. The team was composed of Mary-Dell Chilton, Michael Bevan, and Richard Flavell. Through their experiment, they were able to develop disease resistant variety of tobacco. The invention of a gene gun occurred in 1987 and by the year 2000, the first ever plant with boosted nutrient value was produced.
The process of producing GMOs makes use of processes of gene insertion, mutation, and deletion. Target hosts are inserted with gens through the process of horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer can also happen naturally when cell membranes are penetrated by exogenous DNA. Reasons why this happens are diverse. Scientists use different methods of gene modification. The first method has viruses attached with genes. In the second method, nucleus of intended hosts are inserted physically with extra DNA using tiny syringes.
The third method makes use of an electric pulse to introduce DNA from one organism into the cells of others. The fourth method makes use of the gene gun to fire small particles into target hosts. There are other methods that take advantage of natural forms of transferring genes. For instance, the Agrobacterium has the ability to transfer genetic material into plants while lentiviruses have the same capability in animals.
Many applications and industries make use of GMOs. These organisms get used in manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs, agriculture, medical and biological research, and experimental medicine. The development and discovery of cures and treatments for numerous diseases is increasingly relying on GMOs. That is why many animals are being engineered genetically including sheep, rats, and pigs.
Many governments are involved in the regulation of how genetic modification of animals is done. Each country has different standards for regulation. Some of the major differences in government regulation are between European countries and the United States. Regulation is often dependent on the intended use of the GMO developed.
Selective breeding is a form of breeding in which only organisms with desired traits are bred to produce the next generation. Genetic modification owes its origin to this phenomenon. Genetics underwent a lot of advancements that enabled scientists to alter DNA directly, causing genes to be altered. Paul Berg combined DNA from two strains of virus and created the first recombinant DNA in 1972.
In 1973, the first GMO was created by Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer from experiments with bacteria. Rudolf Jaenisch later on in 1973 created the first transgenic mouse. This was achieved through the introduction of foreign DNA into the embryo of the mouse. The mouse became the first transgenic animal to be created. Eight years later, transgenic mice were developed that could pass their transgenes to offspring.
A team of three scientists was the first to develop a genetically modified plant in 1983. The team was composed of Mary-Dell Chilton, Michael Bevan, and Richard Flavell. Through their experiment, they were able to develop disease resistant variety of tobacco. The invention of a gene gun occurred in 1987 and by the year 2000, the first ever plant with boosted nutrient value was produced.
The process of producing GMOs makes use of processes of gene insertion, mutation, and deletion. Target hosts are inserted with gens through the process of horizontal gene transfer. Horizontal gene transfer can also happen naturally when cell membranes are penetrated by exogenous DNA. Reasons why this happens are diverse. Scientists use different methods of gene modification. The first method has viruses attached with genes. In the second method, nucleus of intended hosts are inserted physically with extra DNA using tiny syringes.
The third method makes use of an electric pulse to introduce DNA from one organism into the cells of others. The fourth method makes use of the gene gun to fire small particles into target hosts. There are other methods that take advantage of natural forms of transferring genes. For instance, the Agrobacterium has the ability to transfer genetic material into plants while lentiviruses have the same capability in animals.
Many applications and industries make use of GMOs. These organisms get used in manufacture of pharmaceutical drugs, agriculture, medical and biological research, and experimental medicine. The development and discovery of cures and treatments for numerous diseases is increasingly relying on GMOs. That is why many animals are being engineered genetically including sheep, rats, and pigs.
Many governments are involved in the regulation of how genetic modification of animals is done. Each country has different standards for regulation. Some of the major differences in government regulation are between European countries and the United States. Regulation is often dependent on the intended use of the GMO developed.
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